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Friday, August 8, 2014

Dyman Associates Risk Management: what is Risk Management

The Importance of Risk Management to Business Success

Risk management is an important part of planning for businesses. The process of risk management is designed to reduce or eliminate the risk of certain kinds of events happening or having an impact on the business.

Definition of Risk Management

Risk management is a process for identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks of different kinds. Once the risks are identified, the risk manager will create a plan to minimize or eliminate the impact of negative events. A variety of strategies is available, depending on the type of risk and the type of business. There are a number of risk management standards, including those developed by the Project Management Institute, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the National Institute of Science and Technology, and actuarial societies.

Types of Risk

There are many different types of risk that risk management plans can mitigate. Common risks include things like accidents in the workplace or fires, tornadoes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. It can also include legal risks like fraud, theft, and sexual harassment lawsuits. Risks can also relate to business practices, uncertainty in financial markets, failures in projects, credit risks, or the security and storage of data and records.

Goals of Risk Management

The idea behind using risk management practices is to protect businesses from being vulnerable. Many business risk management plans may focus on keeping the company viable and reducing financial risks. However, risk management is also designed to protect the employees, customers, and general public from negative events like fires or acts of terrorism that may affect them. Risk management practices are also about preserving the physical facilities, data, records, and physical assets a company owns or uses.

Process for Identifying and Managing Risk

While a variety of different strategies can mitigate or eliminate risk, the process for identifying and managing the risk is fairly standard and consists of five basic steps. First, threats or risks are identified. Second, the vulnerability of key assets like information to the identified threats is assessed. Next, the risk manager must determine the expected consequences of specific threats to assets. The last two steps in the process are to figure out ways to reduce risks and then prioritize the risk management procedures based on their importance.

Strategies for Managing Risk

There are as many different types of strategies for managing risk as there are types of risks. These break down into four main categories. Risk can be managed by accepting the consequences of a risk and budgeting for it. Another strategy is to transfer the risk to another party by insuring against a particular, like fire or a slip-and-fall accident. Closing down a particular high-risk area of a business can avoid risk. Finally, the manager can reduce the risk's negative effects, for instance, by installing sprinklers for fires or instituting a back-up plan for data.

Having a risk management plan is an important part of maintaining a successful and responsible company. Every company should have one. It will help to protect people as well as physical and financial assets.

Wednesday, August 6, 2014

Dyman Associates Risk Management Approach and Plan

Dyman Associates Risk Management – As a management process, risk management is used to identify and avoid the potential cost, schedule, and performance/technical risks to a system, take a proactive and structured approach to manage negative outcomes, respond to them if they occur, and identify potential opportunities that may be hidden in the situation [4]. The risk management approach and plan operationalize these management goals.

Because no two projects are exactly alike, the risk management approach and plan should be tailored to the scope and complexity of individual projects. Other considerations include the roles, responsibilities, and size of the project team, the risk management processes required or recommended by the government organization, and the risk management tools available to the project.

Risk occurs across the spectrum of government and its various enterprises, systems-of-systems, and individual systems. At the system level, the risk focus typically centers on development. Risk exists in operations, requirements, design, development, integration, testing, training, fielding, etc. (see the SE Life-Cycle Building Blocks section of this Guide). For systems-of-systems, the dependency risks rise to the top. Working consistency across the system-of-systems, synchronizing capability development and fielding, considering whether to interface, interoperate, or integrate, and the risks associated with these paths all come to the forefront in the system-of-systems environment. At the enterprise level, governance and complexity risks become more prominent. Governance risk of different guidance across the enterprise for the benefit of the enterprise will trickle down into the system-of-systems and individual systems, resulting in potentially unanticipated demands and perhaps suboptimal solutions at the low level that may be beneficial at the enterprise level. Dealing with the unknowns increases and the risks associated with these——techniques in the Guide's section on Enterprise Engineering, such as loose couplings, federated architectures, and portfolio management——can help the MITRE SE alleviate these risks.

Risk Management in System-Level Programs

System-level risk management is predominantly the responsibility of the team working to provide capabilities for a particular development effort. Within a system-level risk area, the primary responsibility falls to the system program manager and SE for working risk management, and the developers and integrators for helping identify and create approaches to reduce risk. In addition, a key responsibility is with the user community's decision maker onwhen to accept residual risk after it and its consequences have been identified. The articles in the Risk Management topic area provide guidance for identifying risk (Risk Identification), mitigating risks at the system level with options like control, transfer, and watch (Risk Mitigation Planning, Implementation, and Progress Monitoring), and a program risk assessment scale and matrix (Risk Impact Assessment and Prioritization). These guidelines, together with MITRE SEs using tools such as those identified in the Risk Management Tools article, will help the program team deal with risk management and provide realism to the development and implementation of capabilities for the users.

Risk Management in System-of-Systems Programs

Today, the body of literature on engineering risk management is largely aimed at addressing traditional engineering system projects—those systems designed and engineered against a set of well-defined user requirements, specifications, and technical standards. In contrast, little exists on how risk management principles apply to a system whose functionality and performance is governed by the interaction of a set of highly interconnected, yet independent, cooperating systems. Such systems may be referred to as systems-of-systems.

A system-of-systems can be thought of as a set or arrangement of systems that are related or interconnected to provide a given capability that, otherwise, would not be possible. The loss of any part of the supporting systems degrades or, in some cases, eliminates the performance or capabilities of the whole.

What makes risk management in the engineering of systems-of-systems more challenging than managing risk in a traditional system engineering project? The basic risk management process steps are the same. The challenge comes from implementing and managing the process steps across a large-scale, complex, system-of-systems—one whose subordinate systems, managers, and stakeholders may be geographically dispersed, organizationally distributed, and may not have fully intersecting user needs.

How does the delivery of capability over time affect how risks are managed in a system-of-systems? The difficulty is in aligning or mapping identified risks to capabilities planned to be delivered within a specified build by a specified time. Here, it is critically important that risk impact assessments are made as a function of which capabilities are affected, when these effects occur, and their impacts on users and stakeholders.

Lack of clearly defined system boundaries, management lines of responsibility, and accountability further challenge the management of risk in the engineering of systems-of-systems. User and stakeholder acceptance of risk management, and their participation in the process, is essential for success.

Given the above, a program needs to establish an environment where the reporting of risks and their potential consequences is encouraged and rewarded. Without this, there will be an incomplete picture of risk. Risks that threaten the successful engineering of a system-of-systems may become evident only when it is too late to effectively manage or mitigate them.

Frequently a system-of-systems is planned and engineered to deliver capabilities through a series of evolutionary builds. Risks can originate from different sources and threaten the system-of-systems at different times during their evolution. These risks and their sources should be mapped to the capabilities they potentially affect, according to their planned delivery date. Assessments should be made of each risk's potential impacts to planned capabilities, and whether they have collateral effects on dependent capabilities or technologies.

In most cases, the overall system-of-systems risk is not just a linear "roll-up" of its subordinate system-level risks. Rather, it is a combination of specific lower level individual system risks that, when put together, have the potential to adversely impact the system-of-systems in ways that do not equate to a simple roll-up of the system-level risks. The result is that some risks will be important to the individual systems and be managed at that level, while others will warrant the attention of system-of-systems engineering and management.

Tuesday, August 5, 2014

Dyman Associates Risk Management on How to Develop a Risk Management Plan

Developing an effective Risk Management Plan can help keep small issues from developing into emergencies. Different types of Risk Management Plans can deal with calculating the probability of an event, and how that event might impact you, what the risks are with certain ventures and how to mitigate the problems associated with those risks. Having a plan may help you deal with adverse situations when they arise and, hopefully, head them off before they arise.

Steps

1. Understand how Risk Management works. Risk is the effect (positive or negative) of an event or series of events that take place in one or several locations. It is computed from the probability of the event becoming an issue and the impact it would have (See Risk = Probability X Impact). Various factors should be identified in order to analyze risk, including:

Event: What could happen?
Probability: How likely is it to happen?
Impact: How bad will it be if it happens?
Mitigation: How can you reduce the Probability (and by how much)?
Contingency: How can you reduce the Impact (and by how much)?
Reduction = Mitigation X Contingency
Exposure = Risk – Reduction

2. Define your project. In this article, let's pretend you are responsible for a computer system that provides important (but not life-critical) information to some large population. The main computer on which this system resides is old and needs to be replaced. Your task is to develop a Risk Management Plan for the migration

3. Get input from others. Brainstorm on risks. Get several people together that are familiar with the project and ask for input on what could happen, how to help prevent it, and what to do if it does happen. Take a lot of notes! You will use the output of this very important session several times during the following steps. Try to keep an open mind about ideas.

4. Identify the consequences of each risk. From your brainstorming session, you gathered information about what would happen if risks materialized. Associate each risk with the consequences arrived at during that session. Be as specific as possible with each one. "Project Delay" is not as desirable as "Project will be delayed by 13 days."

5. Eliminate irrelevant issues. If you’re moving, for example, a car dealership’s computer system, then threats such as nuclear war, plague pandemic or killer asteroids are pretty much things that will disrupt the project. There’s nothing you can do to plan for them or to lessen the impact.

6. List all identified risk elements. You don’t need to put them in any order just yet. Just list them one-by-one.

7. Assign probability. For each risk element on your list, determine if the likelihood of it actually materializing is High, Medium or Low. If you absolutely have to use numbers, then figure Probability on a scale from 0.00 to 1.00. 0.01 to 0.33 = Low, 0.34 to 0.66 = Medium, 0.67 to 1.00 = High.

8. Assign impact. In general, assign Impact as High, Medium or Low based on some pre-established guidelines. If you absolutely have to use numbers, then figure Impact on a scale from 0.00 to 1.00 as follows: 0.01 to 0.33 = Low, 0.34 – 066 = Medium, 0.67 – 1.00 = High.

9. Determine risk for the element. Often, a table is used for this. If you have used the Low, Medium and High values for Probability and Impact, the top table is most useful. If you have used numeric values, you will need to consider a bit more complex rating system similar to the second table here. It is important to note that there is no universal formula for combining Probability and Impact; that will vary between people and projects.

10. Rank the risks. List all the elements you have identified from the highest risk to the lowest risk.

11. Compute the total risk: Here is where numbers will help you. In Table 6, you have 7 risks assigned as H, H, M, M, M, L, and L. This can translate to 0.8, 0.8, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.2, from Table 5. The average of the total risk is then 0.5 and this translates to Medium.

12. Develop mitigation strategies. Mitigation is designed to reduce the probability that a risk will materialize. Normally you will only do this for High and Medium elements. You might want to mitigate low risk items, but certainly address the other ones first. For example, if one of your risk elements is that there could be a delay in delivery of critical parts, you might mitigate the risk by ordering early in the project

13. Develop contingency plans. Contingency is designed to reduce the impact if a risk does materialize. Again, you will usually only develop contingencies for High and Medium elements.

14. Analyze the effectiveness of strategies. How much have you reduced the Probability and Impact?

15. Compute your effective risk. Now your 7 risks are M, M, M, L, L, L and L, which translate to 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 and 0.2. This gives an average risk of 0.329.

16. Monitor your risks. Now that you know what your risks are, you need to determine how you’ll know if they materialize so you’ll know when and if you should put your contingencies in place. This is done by identifying Risk Cues. Do this for each one of your High and Medium risk elements. 

Monday, August 4, 2014

Dyman Associates Risk Management - Preparing A Risk Management Plan And Business Impact Analysis

The process of identifying risks, assessing risks and developing strategies to manage risks is known as risk management. A risk management plan and a business impact analysis are important parts of your business continuity plan. By understanding potential risks to your business and finding ways to minimise their impacts, you will help your business recover quickly if an incident occurs.

Types of risk vary from business to business, but preparing a risk management plan involves a common process. Your risk management plan should detail your strategy for dealing with risks specific to your business.

It's important to allocate some time, budget and resources for preparing a risk management plan and a business impact analysis. This will help you meet your legal obligations for providing a safe workplace and can reduce the likelihood of an incident negatively impacting on your business.


This guide outlines the steps involved in preparing a risk management plan and a business impact analysis for your business.